Which term refers to the process by which an error becomes a fixed feature of a learner's language?

Which term refers to the process by which an error becomes a fixed feature of a learner's language?

• A. Fossilisation
• B. Generalization
• C. Innovation
• D. Regression

Answer: (A)

Fossilisation is the process by which an error becomes a fixed feature of a learner's language. Once an interlanguage pattern fossilizes, that incorrect form tends to persist across contexts and over time, even when the learner is exposed to correct models or tries to fix it. This happens because the learner’s mental grammar has settled into a stable, though imperfect, pattern, and more deliberate, targeted practice or extensive correct input may be needed to override it. For example, someone might consistently say “goed” instead of “went” in past tense, and that form sticks in speech despite correction. Other concepts describe different dynamics: generalization is applying a pattern more broadly than the language permits, not necessarily resulting in a permanently fixed error; innovation is creating new forms or uses, rather than sticking with an entrenched error; regression is a temporary slide back to earlier stages of learning, not a lasting, fixed error.

Fossilisation is the process by which an error becomes a fixed feature of a learner's language. Once an interlanguage pattern fossilizes, that incorrect form tends to persist across contexts and over time, even when the learner is exposed to correct models or tries to fix it. This happens because the learner’s mental grammar has settled into a stable, though imperfect, pattern, and more deliberate, targeted practice or extensive correct input may be needed to override it. For example, someone might consistently say “goed” instead of “went” in past tense, and that form sticks in speech despite correction.

Other concepts describe different dynamics: generalization is applying a pattern more broadly than the language permits, not necessarily resulting in a permanently fixed error; innovation is creating new forms or uses, rather than sticking with an entrenched error; regression is a temporary slide back to earlier stages of learning, not a lasting, fixed error.